你说的比较范范，我只能让你看看语句大全，你可以全面了解
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Oracle数据库语句大全
ORACLE支持五种类型的完整性约束
NOT NULL (非空)--防止NULL值进入指定的列,在单列基础上定义,默认情况下,ORACLE允许在任何列中有NULL值.
CHECK (检查)--检查在约束中指定的条件是否得到了满足.
UNIQUE (唯一)--保证在指定的列中没有重复值.在该表中每一个值或者每一组值都将是唯一的.
PRIMARY KEY (主键)--用来唯一的标识出表的每一行,并且防止出现NULL值,一个表只能有一个主键约束.
POREIGN KEY (外部键)--通过使用公共列在表之间建立一种父子(parent-child)关系,在表上定义的外部键可以指向主键或者其他表的唯一键.ORACLE支持五种类型的完整性约束
NOT NULL (非空)--防止NULL值进入指定的列,在单列基础上定义,默认情况下,ORACLE允许在任何列中有NULL值.
CHECK (检查)--检查在约束中指定的条件是否得到了满足.
UNIQUE (唯一)--保证在指定的列中没有重复值.在该表中每一个值或者每一组值都将是唯一的.
PRIMARY KEY (主键)--用来唯一的标识出表的每一行,并且防止出现NULL值,一个表只能有一个主键约束.
POREIGN KEY (外部键)--通过使用公共列在表之间建立一种父子(parent-child)关系,在表上定义的外部键可以指向主键或者其他表的唯一键.
1--设置每行显示多少字符 set linesize 300;
2 设置每页显示多少条记录 set pagesize 30;
3 用户名的切换: 如 conn system/tiger
Conn sys/change_on_install as sysdba(注意超级用户 在后面加as sysdba)
4 在超级用户下查找普通用户的表是查不到的 必须这样查找 如 select * from scott.emp(普通用户下的emp表)
5 查看当前是那个用户身份登录: show user;
6 查看有多少张表: select * from tab;(注意不同用户下的表是不同的)
7查看表的结构: desc emp(emp为表名)
8 取出重复的列(DISTINCT): 如 SELECT DISTINCT JOB EMP(去掉job的重复的值)
9字符串的链接操作用: ||
10 查询有奖金的员工: select* from emp where comm is not null;
11 查询没有奖金的员工信息: select * from emp where comm is null;
12 两个条件以上就得用and 如查询工资大雨1500和有奖金的员工 select * from emp where sal1500 and comm is not null;
13 表示两个条件有一个满足就可就用:or 如查询工资大于1500或者没有奖金的员工信息
Select * from emp where sal1500 or comm is not null;
14取反可以用not 如 查询员工工资不大于1500和有奖金的员工信息 如:
Select * from emp where not (sal1500 or comm is not null);
15 在什么什么之间用between----and----如查询工资在1500和3000之间的员工信息:
Select * from emp where sal between 1500 and 3000;
16 查询员工编号是2323, 4555, 2222的员工具体信息: 如
Select * from emp where empno in(2323,4555,2222);
17.l模糊查询 like 一般结合"%"和"_"使用其中%:表示可以匹配任意长度的内容,"_"表示匹配一个长度放入内容 如: 查询员工姓名中第二哥字母是M的员工信息:
Select * from emp where ename LIKE '_M%';
又如姓名中包含M的员工 Select * from emp where ename LIKE '%M%';
18oracle中不等于有两种表示方式""和"!="
19 排序用order by {asc desc}其中asc 是升序排列 如果不写就默认按升序排列desc是按降序排列 排序语句放在sal语句的最后如: 按员工工资进行排序
Select * from emp order by sal asc(升序)
Selecct * from emp order by sal desc(降序)
Select * from emp where deptno='10' order by sal desc,hiredate asc;(查询部门10的员工工资的升序排列如果工资相等就按员工的入职时间排序)
20.group by 用于对查询的结果进行分组统计: 显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资 如:
Select avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
Having 子句用于限制分组显示结果: 显示平均工资大于2000的的部门号和他的平均工资?
如:select avg(sal), deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)2000;
2. 单行函数:
1 小写变大写: upper 如 select * from emp where ename=upper('smith');
讲一个字符串变为小写字母表示 如: select lower('HELLO WORLD') FROM DUAL;
将单词的首字母变大写 用 INITCAP 如: SELECT INITCAP('HELLO WORLD') FROM DUAL;
2.字符串的操作
Substr()截取字符串 length()字符串的长度 replace()替换字符串
3数值函数
四舍五入: round();
截断小数位:trunc();
应该是oracle在dos中设置显示格式，并不是doc下显示。
一般有以下设置方式：
set colsep' '; //域输出分隔符
set echo off;//显示start启动的脚本中的每个sql命令，缺省为on
set feedback off;//回显本次sql命令处理的记录条数，缺省为on
set heading off; //输出域标题，缺省为on
set pagesize 0; //输出每页行数，缺省为24,为了避免分页，可设定为0。
set termout off; //显示脚本中的命令的执行结果，缺省为on
set trimout on; //去除标准输出每行的拖尾空格，缺省为off
set trimspool on;//去除重定向（spool）输出每行的拖尾空格，缺省为off
exp三种用法：
1、exp 导出某个用户全部数据库
格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp full=y;
ywxy/ywxy@ORCL 是用户名/密码@数据库名
file=d:/daochu1.dmp 是导出的路径
full=y 是导出全库
2、exp 导出某个用户的某个库
格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp owner=system;
ywxy/ywxy@ORCL 是用户名/密码@数据库名
file=d:/daochu1.dmp 是导出的路径
owner=system 是要导出的库
3、exp 导出某个用户的某个表
格式：exp ywxy/ywxy@ORCL file=d:/daochu1.dmp tables=C_ZX_QYJC;
ywxy/ywxy@ORCL 是用户名/密码@数据库名
file=d:/daochu1.dmp 是导出的路径
tables=C_ZX_QYJC 是导出的表名字，多个表名则 (table1,table2)形式
扩展资料：
常用选项：
1、FULL，用于导出整个数据库，在ROWS=N一起使用时，可以导出整个数据库的结构。
2、OWNER和TABLE，这两个选项用于定义EXP的对象。OWNER定义导出指定用户的对象，TABLE指定EXP的table名称。
⒊BUFFER和FEEDBACK，在导出比较多的数据时，考虑设置这两个参数。
⒋FILE和LOG，这两个参数分别指定备份的DMP名称和LOG名称，包括文件名和目录。
⒌COMPRESS参数不压缩导出数据的内容。用来控制导出对象的storage语句如何产生。默认值为Y，使用默认值，对象的存储语句的init extent等于当前导出对象的extent的总和。推荐使用COMPRESS=N。
⒍ FILESIZE该选项在8i中可用。如果导出的dmp文件过大时，最好使用FILESIZE参数，限制文件大小不要超过2G。
本文转自：51Testing软件测试网。（）
第一章：日志管理
1.forcing log switches
sql alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql alter database add logfile member
sql '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6.drop online redo log groups
sql alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8.clearing online redo log files
sql alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log');
c. sql execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log',
sql dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log',
sql dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename='c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora');
f. sql select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m,
sql 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2.locally managed tablespace
sql create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf'
sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf'
sql size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
11.moving data files:alter database
sql alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf'
sql to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf';
第三章：表
1.create a table
sql create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2.copy an existing table
sql create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3.create temporary table
sql create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7.move tablespace
sql alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9.truncate a table
sql truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
第四章：索引
1.creating function-based indexes
sql create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*
100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
第五章：约束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
sql create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
第六章：LOAD数据
1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql alter session enable parallel dml;
sql insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
sql sqlldr scott/tiger \
sql control = ulcase6.ctl \
sql log = ulcase6.log direct=true
第七章：reorganizing data
1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sqlalter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list ='sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含
第八章：managing password security and resources
1.controlling account lock and password
sql alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2.user_provided password function
sql function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
sql create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sqlpassword_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
sql alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
sql drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
sql create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view = resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
sql alter system set resource_limit=true;
第九章：Managing users
1.create a user: database authentication
sql create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
sql alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3.drop a user
sql drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
第十章：managing privileges
1.system privileges: view = system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
sql grant create session,create table to managers;
sql grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:= v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
sql revoke create table from karen;
sql revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
sql grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view = dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
sql revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view := sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
sql audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
sql audit user;
13.privilege auditing
sql audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
sql audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view= all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,
dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view= dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,
dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
第十一章： manager role
1.create roles
sql create role sales_clerk;
sql create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
sql alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
sql grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
sql alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql alter user scott default role all;
sql alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
sql set role hr_clerk;
sql set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql set role all except sales_clerk;
sql set role none;
6.remove role from user
sql revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
sql drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
view: =dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,
role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY
1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
shutdown immediate
cp files /backup/
startup
5.restore to a different location
connect system/manager as sysdba
startup mount
alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
alter database open;
6.recover syntax
--recover a mounted database
recover database;
recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
recover tablespace user_data;
recover datafile 2;
alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
set autorecovery on
recover automatic datafile 4;
8.complete recovery:
--method 1(mounted databae)
copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
startup mount
recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf;
alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or
recover tablespace user_data;
alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or
alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
startup mount
alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline;
alter database open
copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf'
recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf''
recover tablespace user_data;
alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
copy files /backup/
alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
shutdown abort
cp files
startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k;
alter database drop logfile group 1;
alter database open;
or cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log
alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';
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重庆分公司
