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Docker容器的基础操作

概述

Docker 是一个开源的应用容器引擎，让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的容器中,然后发布到任何流行的Linux机器或Windows 机器上,也可以实现虚拟化,容器是完全使用沙箱机制,相互之间不会有任何接口。

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安装Docker

配置阿里云base源和epel源，安装Docker环境依赖





[root@youxi1 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# mkdir back
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo back/　　//备份源
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all　　//清空yum缓存
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# yum list　　//生成缓存
[root@youxi1 yum.repos.d]# cd
[root@youxi1 ~]# yum -y install yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2　　//安装依赖
[root@youxi1 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo　　//配置阿里云的Docker的yum源

安装Docker，启动并设置开机自启


[root@youxi1 ~]# yum -y install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
[root@youxi1 ~]# systemctl start docker
[root@youxi1 ~]# systemctl enable docker
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.
[root@youxi1 ~]# docker version　　//显示Docker版本信息
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.2
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.12.8
 Git commit:        6a30dfc
 Built:             Thu Aug 29 05:28:55 2019
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Experimental:      false
 
Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.2
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.12.8
  Git commit:       6a30dfc
  Built:            Thu Aug 29 05:27:34 2019
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.2.6
  GitCommit:        894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc8
  GitCommit:        425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683
[root@youxi1 ~]# docker info　　//查看Docker信息，包括镜像和容器数
Client:
 Debug Mode: false
 
Server:
 Containers: 0　　//容器
  Running: 0　　//运行
  Paused: 0　　//暂停
  Stopped: 0　　//关闭
 Images: 0　　//镜像
 Server Version: 19.03.2　　//版本
 Storage Driver: overlay2　　//存储启动程序
  Backing Filesystem: xfs　　//备份文件系统格式
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: 894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
 runc version: 425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 4
 Total Memory: 1.936GiB
 Name: youxi1
 ID: FR4U:DHB6:QGST:B3SB:NHKD:GDBX:PZL3:2RSX:SUMM:WFZO:KPPU:W423
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker　　//Docker的主目录
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false

一、查看本地容器进程

[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a     #显示所有容器进程
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                    PORTS               NAMES
9bd32b3b2ad0        hello-world         "/hello"            20 hours ago        Exited (0) 20 hours ago                       lucid_murdock
fb2d81c98cd2        hello-world         "/hello"            3 weeks ago         Exited (0) 3 weeks ago                        great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker ps          #显示当前运行的容器进程
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE  

二、容器启动命令

[root@docker ~]# docker run --help
Usage:  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
OPTIONS：选项
-i : 表示启动一个可交互的容器，并持续打开标准输入
-t : 表示使用终端关联到容器的标准输入输出上
-d : 表示将容器放置后台运行
--rm : 退出后即删除容器
--name : 表示定义容器唯一名称
IMAGE: 表示要运行的镜像
COMMAND : 表示启动容器时运行的命令

三、启动一个交互式的容器

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY            TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine                latest              cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine   v3.10.3             cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
alpine                3.9.4               055936d39205        8 months ago        5.53MB
hello-world           latest              fce289e99eb9        12 months ago       1.84kB
[root@docker ~]# docker run -ti -- name mingkang-test alpine:latest /bin/sh
/ # ip addr
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
18: eth0@if19:  mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP 
    link/ether 02:42:ac:07:05:02 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.7.5.2/24 brd 172.7.5.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
/ # cat /etc/issue 
Welcome to Alpine Linux 3.11
Kernel \r on an \m (\l)

[root@docker ~]# docker ps      #查看当前运行的容器进程
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
08b02f026afe        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           7 seconds ago       Up 5 seconds                            mingkang-test

四、容器退出后即删除--rm（docker ps -a 查询不了记录）

[root@docker ~]# docker run --rm alpine:latest /bin/echo hello
hello

五、以后台的形式运行一个容器-d

[root@docker ~]# docker run -d --name mingkang-test3 alpine:latest /bin/sleep 3000
744b31fbaadfc9605d5dbe8d302ef9bd3de8208142aa00c1feffd86804347b01
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
744b31fbaadf        alpine:latest       "/bin/sleep 3000"   18 seconds ago      Up 17 seconds                           mingkang-test3

六、进入一个容器exec

[root@docker ~]# docker exec -ti 744b31fbaadf /bin/sh      #长长的字符串为容器ID
/ # ps
PID   USER     TIME  COMMAND
    1 root      0:00 /bin/sleep 3000
    6 root      0:00 /bin/sh
   11 root      0:00 ps
/ #

七、停止/重启/启动一个容器（stop/restart/start）

[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
744b31fbaadf        alpine:latest       "/bin/sleep 3000"   3 minutes ago       Up 3 minutes                            mingkang-test3
[root@docker ~]# docker stop 744b31fbaadf    #容器的ID号
744b31fbaadf
[root@docker ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

八、删除docker ps 的内容

[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                        PORTS               NAMES
744b31fbaadf        alpine:latest       "/bin/sleep 3000"   12 minutes ago      Exited (137) 8 minutes ago                        mingkang-test3
08b02f026afe        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           25 minutes ago      Exited (0) 23 minutes ago                         mingkang-test
56760413d596        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           28 minutes ago      Exited (0) 27 minutes ago                         mingkang_test
eae500caa715        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           34 minutes ago      Exited (0) 29 minutes ago                         vigilant_boyd
c6fed43d8a09        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           34 minutes ago      Exited (0) 34 minutes ago                         keen_volhard
058aee8ef1eb        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           36 minutes ago      Exited (0) 35 minutes ago                         quirky_morse
6d81bca654ab        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           37 minutes ago      Exited (127) 36 minutes ago                       practical_torvalds
adc1a16a7bf6        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           39 minutes ago      Exited (0) 38 minutes ago                         unruffled_carson
20a5432e3266        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           39 minutes ago      Exited (0) 39 minutes ago                         elated_ellis
08bbe9c13d26        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           40 minutes ago      Exited (0) 40 minutes ago                         nifty_kalam
9bd32b3b2ad0        hello-world         "/hello"            21 hours ago        Exited (0) 21 hours ago                           lucid_murdock
fb2d81c98cd2        hello-world         "/hello"            3 weeks ago         Exited (0) 3 weeks ago                            great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker rm keen_volhard quirky_morse practical_torvalds unruffled_carson elated_ellis  nifty_kalam  lucid_murdock great_bartik
keen_volhard
quirky_morse
practical_torvalds
unruffled_carson
elated_ellis
nifty_kalam
lucid_murdock
great_bartik
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                       PORTS               NAMES
744b31fbaadf        alpine:latest       "/bin/sleep 3000"   13 minutes ago      Exited (137) 9 minutes ago                       mingkang-test3
08b02f026afe        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           26 minutes ago      Exited (0) 24 minutes ago                        mingkang-test
56760413d596        alpine:latest       "/bin/sh"           28 minutes ago      Exited (0) 28 minutes ago                        mingkang_test

备注：如需删除在运行的容器，使用docker rm -f 容器名称/容器ID
循环全部删除：
for i in `docker ps -a | grep -i exited|awk '{print $1}'`;do docker rm -f $i;done

九、容器的提交（把已写入内容的容器提交为镜像）

[root@docker ~]# docker run -d --name myalpine alpine:latest /bin/sleep 30000   #后台长时间运行一个容器
3ccd27be4d19a60f317d187ee99d7fcd76d368dccb0326f8789d6617fb39f457
[root@docker ~]# docker ps    #查看运行的容器
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND              CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
3ccd27be4d19        alpine:latest       "/bin/sleep 30000"   6 seconds ago       Up 4 seconds                            myalpine
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -ti myalpine /bin/sh    #以交互的方式进入容器
/ # ls
bin    dev    etc    home   lib    media  mnt    opt    proc   root   run    sbin   srv    sys    tmp    usr    var
/ # touch hello.txt
/ # echo "hello world" > hello.txt 
/ # cat hello.txt 
hello world
[root@docker ~]# docker commit -p myalpine myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
#把名称为myalpine的容器提交为一个新的镜像
sha256:3ce9b8b899ba2018c01ca88fba6c24da6ff1287905a4ff4c60e968f129a22863
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY            TAG                     IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
myalpine              latest_with_hello.txt   3ce9b8b899ba        20 seconds ago      5.59MB
alpine                latest                  cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine   v3.10.3                 cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
alpine                3.9.4                   055936d39205        8 months ago        5.53MB
hello-world           latest                  fce289e99eb9        12 months ago       1.84kB

#启动该myalpin:latest_with_hello.txt 镜像容器后，发现文件已经存在。

十、容器的导出与加载

导出myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
-----
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY            TAG                     IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
myalpine              latest_with_hello.txt   3ce9b8b899ba        20 minutes ago      5.59MB
alpine                latest                  cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine   v3.10.3                 cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
alpine                3.9.4                   055936d39205        8 months ago        5.53MB
hello-world           latest                  fce289e99eb9        12 months ago       1.84kB
[root@docker ~]# docker save myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt > myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar
[root@docker ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar
-----
删除刚刚导出的镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker rmi myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
Untagged: myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
Deleted: sha256:3ce9b8b899ba2018c01ca88fba6c24da6ff1287905a4ff4c60e968f129a22863
Deleted: sha256:1d89a6f64295ef6889fef9ae917281e94d4d9e5c9b3eb98d5cc25c129f34f4b3
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY            TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
alpine                latest              cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine   v3.10.3             cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
alpine                3.9.4               055936d39205        8 months ago        5.53MB
hello-world           latest              fce289e99eb9        12 months ago       1.84kB
-----
重新加载该镜像
[root@docker ~]# docker load < myalpine-latest_with_hello.txt.tar 
e63a9b4f5484: Loading layer [==================================================>]  3.584kB/3.584kB
Loaded image: myalpine:latest_with_hello.txt
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY            TAG                     IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
myalpine              latest_with_hello.txt   3ce9b8b899ba        22 minutes ago      5.59MB
alpine                latest                  cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
zhoumingkang/alpine   v3.10.3                 cc0abc535e36        13 days ago         5.59MB
alpine                3.9.4                   055936d39205        8 months ago        5.53MB
hello-world           latest                  fce289e99eb9        12 months ago       1.84kB

十一、容器的日志查看

[root@docker ~]# docker run hello-world:latest     #运行一个容器

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

[root@docker ~]# docker ps -a | grep -i hello      #查看曾经运行的进程
1c5c26a209d4        hello-world:latest   "/hello"            12 seconds ago      Exited (0) 10 seconds ago                       angry_ellis
[root@docker ~]# docker logs 1c5c26a209d4       #查看该容器运行的日志

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

[root@docker ~]#


文章标题：Docker容器的基础操作
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