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ORACLE无GUI搭建环境

下载oracle 11g
下载地址：wget  http://v.yingsun.net/cobra/download/linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
下载地址：wget  http://v.yingsun.net/cobra/download/linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

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一 安装java
查看CentOS自带JDK是否已安装。yum list installed |grep java

查看yum库中的Java安装包 命令：yum -y list java 看看可安装的软件包有没有java-1.8.0-openjdk

二 检查和安装需要的rpm
yum -y install binutils compat-libstdc++ compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf-devel gcc gcc-c++ glibc-devel glibc-headers ksh libaio-devel libstdc++-devel make sysstat unixODBC-devel binutils-* compat-libstdc++* elfutils-libelf* glibc* gcc-* libaio* libgcc* libstdc++* make* sysstat* unixODBC* wget unzip

三 创建用户组和用户
userdel -r oracle
groupadd -g 700 oinstall
groupadd -g 701 dba
useradd -g oinstall -G dba -u 700 oracle
passwd oracle

id oracle

四 设置ORACLE环境变量
su - oracle
vi ~/.bash_profile
export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export NLS_LANG="american_america.AL32UTF8"
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:Mi:SS"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH


//脚本方式
new_export = "export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle"
echo "export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle" >> ~/.bash_profile
echo "export ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1" >> ~/.bash_profile
echo "export ORACLE_SID=orcl" >> ~/.bash_profile

bash shell:脚本中修改profile文件更新LD_LIBRARY_PATH的示例 http://blog.csdn.net/10km/article/details/51953721

source ~/.bash_profile

查看环境变量是否完成
env | grep ORA


五 创建安装目录
su - root
mkdir -p /u02/oracle
mkdir -p /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u02/oracle
chmod -R 775 /u02/oracle

vi /etc/oraInst.loc
inventory_loc==/home/oracle/oralnventory
inst_group=oinstall

source /etc/oralnst.loc
 
chown oracle:oinstall /etc/oraInst.loc
chmod 664 /etc/oraInst.loc

五 解压
unzip p10404530_112030_Linux-x86-64_1of7.zip; unzip p10404530_112030_Linux-x86-64_2of7.zip

六 复制响应文件模板
用oracle用户复制
su - oracle
mkdir /home/oracle/etc
mkdir /home/oracle/oralnventory
cp /u02/oracle/database/response/*  /home/oracle/etc/
七 设置响应文件
su - root
chmod 700 /home/oracle/etc/*.rsp（注意所有者，oinstall）
八 静默安装Oracle软件 
su - oracle
修改安装Oracle软件的响应文件/home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp

#删除应答文件中的注释行(以#开头)
$ sed -i 's/^#.*$//g' *.rsp
刪除沒有內容的空行(^$)
$ sed -i '/^$/d' *.rsp

oracle.install.responseFileVersion=/oracle/install/rspfmt_dbinstall_response_schema_v11_2_0
oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY         // 29 安装类型

ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracle                            // 37 主机名称（hostname查询）

UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall                          // 42 安装组

INVENTORY_LOCATION=/home/oracle/oraInventory            //47 INVENTORY目录（不填就是默认值）  注意：这里inventory目录最好不要填写与oracle安装路径一致的目录，会报错

SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN,zh_TW                       // 78 选择语言

ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1         // 83 oracle_home

ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle                                 // 88 oracle_base

oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE                     // 99 oracle版本

oracle.install.db.isCustomInstall=false                     //自定义安装，否，使用默认组件

oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba                          // 143 dba用户组

oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=oinstall                   // 147 oper用户组

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE         // 160 数据库类型

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=orcl              // 165 globalDBName

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl                          // 170 SID

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryLimit=81920        // 200 自动管理内存的内存(M)

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=oracle        // 233 设定所有数据库用户使用同一个密码
SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=false            // 376（手动写了false）

DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true                                // 385 设置安全更新（貌似是有bug，这个一定要选true，否则会无限提醒邮件地址有问题，终止安装。PS：不管地址对不对）

执行命令 开始默认安装
cd /u02/oracle/database

./runInstaller  -ignorePrereq -silent -force -responseFile  /home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp

安向导执行俩文件
/home/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

九 静默配置网络
编辑netca.rsp文件

$ more /u02/oracle/database/response/netca.rsp
[GENERAL]
RESPONSEFILE_VERSION="11.2"
CREATE_TYPE="CUSTOM"
[oracle.net.ca]
INSTALLED_COMPONENTS={"server","net8","javavm"}
INSTALL_TYPE=""typical""
LISTENER_NUMBER=1
LISTENER_NAMES={"LISTENER"}
LISTENER_PROTOCOLS={"TCP;1521"}
LISTENER_START=""LISTENER""
NAMING_METHODS={"TNSNAMES","ONAMES","HOSTNAME"}
NSN_NUMBER=1
NSN_NAMES={"EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA"}
NSN_SERVICE={"PLSExtProc"}
NSN_PROTOCOLS={"TCP;HOSTNAME;1521"}

在oracle用户下
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/netca /silent /responsefile /u02/oracle/database/response/netca.rsp

十 静默安装数据库
在oracle 用户安装。需要配置静默安装数据库响应的模板文件，也是在安装软件包中解压在database下的response 目录下的 dbca_rsp 文件，具体配置如下
vim dbca.rsp

//$ more /u02/soft/database/response/dbca.rsp

cp /u02/oracle/database/response/dbca.rsp /u02/oracle/database/response/dbca.rsp.bak

vi /u02/oracle/database/response/dbca.rsp

[GENERAL]

RESPONSEFILE_VERSION = "11.2.0"

OPERATION_TYPE = "createDatabase"

[CREATEDATABASE]

GDBNAME = "lanmao"           #全局数据库的名字

SID = "orcl"                 # 数据库实例，根据上面的你写的SID 一样的，随便写。

TEMPLATENAME = "General_Purpose.dbc"   #  这个可以是默认的模板，不会写默认的，最好是默认，

                                 这里是我们dba 写的，所以就用上了。

SYSPASSWORD = "2011@oracle"

SYSTEMPASSWORD = "2011@oracle"

SYSMANPASSWORD = "2011@oracle"

DBSNMPPASSWORD = "2011@oracle"   # 前面这四个都可以不管，默认就行

CHARACTERSET = "ZHS16GBK"         #编码

NATIONALCHARACTERSET=“UTF8”   #编码

[createTemplateFromDB]

SOURCEDB = "iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ:1521:orcl"

SYSDBAUSERNAME = "system"

TEMPLATENAME = "My Copy TEMPLATE"

[createCloneTemplate]

SOURCEDB = "orcl"

TEMPLATENAME = "My Clone TEMPLATE"

[DELETEDATABASE]

SOURCEDB = "orcl"

[generateScripts]

TEMPLATENAME = "New Database"

GDBNAME = "orcl11.us.oracle.com"

[CONFIGUREDATABASE]

[ADDINSTANCE]

DB_UNIQUE_NAME = "orcl11g.us.oracle.com"

NODELIST=

SYSDBAUSERNAME = "sys"

[DELETEINSTANCE]

DB_UNIQUE_NAME = "orcl11g.us.oracle.com"

INSTANCENAME = "orcl11g"

SYSDBAUSERNAME = "sys"

$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca -silent -responseFile /db/soft/database/response/dbca.rsp
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca -silent -responseFile /u02/oracle/database/response/dbca.rsp

跟踪错误sqlplus 方法
strace sqlplus / as sysdba
查看为什么出现 ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact

参考 使用Shell脚本实现自动化静默安装Oracle软件https://github.com/yoshinorim/mha4MySQL-manager.git
一个表或索引或其它对象使用BUFFER CACHE，最终使用哪个CBC LATCH,由其文件号以及数据块号，进行HASH后使用指定的CBC LATCH

使用Shell脚本实现自动化静默安装Oracle软件

第一篇 静默方式安装oracle 11g 完整攻略
下载oracle 11g
下载地址：wget  http://v.yingsun.net/cobra/download/linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
下载地址：wget  http://v.yingsun.net/cobra/download/linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

一 安装java
查看CentOS自带JDK是否已安装。yum list installed |grep java

查看yum库中的Java安装包 命令：yum -y list java 看看可安装的软件包有没有java-1.8.0-openjdk

二 检查和安装需要的rpm

各个版本的检查包和版本可以看官方文档
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e24326/toc.htm#BHCFACHG
具体所有安装包是否已安装检查方法
rpm -q binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel libXi libXtst  make sysstat  unixODBC unixODBC-devel
检查有没有31个

还能用如下方式检查，包括centos6，centos7的包
rpm -q --qf '%{NAME}-%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE} (%{ARCH})\n' binutils \
compat-libcap1 \
compat-libstdc++-33 \
elfutils-libelf \
elfutils-libelf-devel \
gcc \
gcc-c++ \
glibc \
glibc-common \
glibc-devel \
glibc-headers \
ksh \
libaio \
libaio-devel \
libgcc \
libstdc++ \
libstdc++-devel \
libXi \
libXtst \
make \
sysstat \
unixODBC \
unixODBC-devel

如缺少相应包可用yum -y install 安装，也可以按如下方式直接把需要的所有依赖包安装上
yum -y install binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 compat-libstdc++-33*i686 compat-libstdc++-33*.devel compat-libstdc++-33 compat-libstdc++-33*.devel gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc*.i686 glibc-devel glibc-devel*.i686 ksh libaio libaio*.i686 libaio-devel libaio-devel*.devel libgcc libgcc*.i686 libstdc++ libstdc++*.i686 libstdc++-devel libstdc++-devel*.devel libXi libXi*.i686 libXtst libXtst*.i686 make sysstat unixODBC unixODBC*.i686 unixODBC-devel unixODBC-devel*.i686

网上搜索的方法也可以参考如下
yum -y install binutils compat-libstdc++ compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf-devel gcc gcc-c++ glibc-devel glibc-headers ksh libaio-devel libstdc++-devel make sysstat unixODBC-devel binutils-* compat-libstdc++* elfutils-libelf* glibc* gcc-* libaio* libgcc* libstdc++* make* sysstat* unixODBC* wget unzip unixODBC-devel
还有必须下载的包
 wget ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/www.whiteboxlinux.org/whitebox/4/en/updates/i686/glibc-2.3.4-2.43.i686.rpm

 
三 创建用户组和用户
userdel -r oracle
groupadd -g 700 oinstall
groupadd -g 701 dba
useradd -g oinstall -G dba -u 700 oracle
passwd oracle

id oracle

四 设置ORACLE环境变量
su - oracle
vi ~/.bash_profile
export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export NLS_LANG="american_america.AL32UTF8"
export NLS_DATE_FORMAT="YYYY-MM-DD HH24:Mi:SS"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH


//脚本方式初始化环境变量参考方法
new_export = "export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle"
echo "export ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle" >> ~/.bash_profile
echo "export ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1" >> ~/.bash_profile
echo "export ORACLE_SID=orcl" >> ~/.bash_profile
bash shell:脚本中修改profile文件更新LD_LIBRARY_PATH的示例 http://blog.csdn.net/10km/article/details/51953721

source ~/.bash_profile

查看环境变量是否完成
env | grep ORA


五 创建安装目录
su - root
mkdir -p /u02/oracle
mkdir -p /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u02/oracle
chmod -R 775 /u02/oracle

vi /etc/oraInst.loc
inventory_loc==/home/oracle/oraInventory
inst_group=oinstall

source /etc/oraInst.loc
 
chown oracle:oinstall /etc/oraInst.loc
chmod 664 /etc/oraInst.loc

五 解压安装文件
unzip p10404530_112030_Linux-x86-64_1of7.zip;
unzip p10404530_112030_Linux-x86-64_2of7.zip

六 复制响应文件模板
用oracle用户复制
su - oracle
mkdir /home/oracle/etc --放配置文件 如响应文件
mkdir /home/oracle/oraInventory --放产品目录相关文件
cp /u02/oracle/database/response/*  /home/oracle/etc/

七 设置响应文件权限
su - root
chmod 700 /home/oracle/etc/*.rsp（注意所有者，oinstall）
八 静默安装Oracle软件 
su - oracle
修改安装Oracle软件的响应文件/home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp

#删除应答文件中的注释行(以#开头)
$ sed -i 's/^#.*$//g' *.rsp
刪除沒有內容的空行(^$)
$ sed -i '/^$/d' *.rsp

文件内容详细介绍
oracle.install.responseFileVersion=/oracle/install/rspfmt_dbinstall_response_schema_v11_2_0
oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY         // 29 安装类型

ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracle                            // 37 主机名称（hostname查询）

UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall                          // 42 安装组

INVENTORY_LOCATION=/home/oracle/oraInventory            //47 INVENTORY目录（不填就是默认值）  注意：这里inventory目录最好不要填写与oracle安装路径一致的目录，会报错

SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN,zh_TW                       // 78 选择语言

ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1         // 83 oracle_home

ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle                                 // 88 oracle_base

oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE                     // 99 oracle版本

oracle.install.db.isCustomInstall=false                     //自定义安装，否，使用默认组件

oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba                          // 143 dba用户组

oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=oinstall                   // 147 oper用户组

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE         // 160 数据库类型

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=orcl              // 165 globalDBName

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl                          // 170 SID

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryLimit=81920        // 200 自动管理内存的内存(M)

oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=oracle        // 233 设定所有数据库用户使用同一个密码
SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=false            // 376（手动写了false）

DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true                                // 385 设置安全更新（貌似是有bug，这个一定要选true，否则会无限提醒邮件地址有问题，终止安装。PS：不管地址对不对）


实际产品库详单参考db_install.rsp内容
oracle.install.responseFileVersion=/oracle/install/rspfmt_dbinstall_response_schema_v11_2_0
oracle.install.option=
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/home/oracle/oraInventory
SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en
ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE
oracle.install.db.EEOptionsSelection=false
oracle.install.db.optionalComponents=oracle.rdbms.partitioning:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.oraolap:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.dm:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.dv:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.lbac:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.rat:11.2.0.4.0
oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.CLUSTER_NODES=
"/home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp" 53L, 2500C
oracle.install.responseFileVersion=/oracle/install/rspfmt_dbinstall_response_schema_v11_2_0
oracle.install.option=
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/home/oracle/oraInventory
SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en
ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
ORACLE_BASE=/u02/oracle
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE
oracle.install.db.EEOptionsSelection=false
oracle.install.db.optionalComponents=oracle.rdbms.partitioning:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.oraolap:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.dm:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.dv:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.lbac:11.2.0.4.0,oracle.rdbms.rat:11.2.0.4.0
oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.CLUSTER_NODES=
oracle.install.db.isRACOneInstall=
oracle.install.db.racOneServiceName=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=orcl11g
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl11g
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=AL32UTF8
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryOption=true
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryLimit=400
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.installExampleSchemas=false
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.enableSecuritySettings=true
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=oracle
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.SYS=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.SYSTEM=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.SYSMAN=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.DBSNMP=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.control=DB_CONTROL
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.gridcontrol.gridControlServiceURL=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.automatedBackup.enable=false
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.automatedBackup.osuid=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.automatedBackup.ospwd=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.storageType=FILE_SYSTEM_STORAGE
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.fileSystemStorage.dataLocation=/u02/oracle/oradata/
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.fileSystemStorage.recoveryLocation=/u02/oracle/flash_recovery_area/
oracle.install.db.config.asm.diskGroup=
oracle.install.db.config.asm.ASMSNMPPassword=
MYORACLESUPPORT_USERNAME=
MYORACLESUPPORT_PASSWORD=
SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=
DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true
PROXY_HOST=
PROXY_PORT=
PROXY_USER=
PROXY_PWD=
PROXY_REALM=
COLLECTOR_SUPPORTHUB_URL=
oracle.installer.autoupdates.option=
oracle.installer.autoupdates.downloadUpdatesLoc=
AUTOUPDATES_MYORACLESUPPORT_USERNAME=
AUTOUPDATES_MYORACLESUPPORT_PASSWORD=

执行命令 开始默认安装
cd /u02/oracle/database

./runInstaller  -ignorePrereq -showProgress -silent -responseFile  /home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp 这种方法不显示日志
./runInstaller  -ignorePrereq -showProgress -silent -force -responseFile  /home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp
./runInstaller  -silent -force -responseFile /home/oracle/etc/db_install.rsp
这时可以看安装日志
INFO: Number of threads for fast copy :1

注意问题点
这里在centos7上安装oracle11g时，不论11.1.0.1还是 11.2.0.4 都会报错
String: Error in invoking target 'agent nmhs' of makefile '/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/sysman/lib/ins_emagent.mk'.
这个错误相当于图形界面安装时遇到的错误，但图形界面安装遇到错误，会停止，且提供重试的按钮，静默安装就不成，具体解决方法可以参考
http://www.jb51.net/article/129719.htm《CentOS 7.4下安装Oracle 11.2.0.4数据库的方法》 这里需要编辑安装文件

按向导执行俩文件
/home/oracle/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh
/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh

九 静默配置网络
编辑netca.rsp文件

$ more /home/oracle/etc/netca.rsp
[GENERAL]
RESPONSEFILE_VERSION="11.2"
CREATE_TYPE="CUSTOM"
[oracle.net.ca]
INSTALLED_COMPONENTS={"server","net8","javavm"}
INSTALL_TYPE=""typical""
LISTENER_NUMBER=1
LISTENER_NAMES={"LISTENER"}
LISTENER_PROTOCOLS={"TCP;1521"}
LISTENER_START=""LISTENER""
NAMING_METHODS={"TNSNAMES","ONAMES","HOSTNAME"}
NSN_NUMBER=1
NSN_NAMES={"EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA"}
NSN_SERVICE={"PLSExtProc"}
NSN_PROTOCOLS={"TCP;HOSTNAME;1521"}

在oracle用户下
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/netca /silent /responsefile /home/oracle/database/response/netca.rsp

十 静默安装数据库
在oracle 用户安装。需要配置静默安装数据库响应的模板文件，也是在安装软件包中解压在database下的response 目录下的 dbca_rsp 文件，具体配置如下
//$ more /u02/soft/database/response/dbca.rsp

vi /home/oracle/etc/dbca.rsp

[GENERAL]
RESPONSEFILE_VERSION = "11.2.0"
OPERATION_TYPE = "createDatabase"
[CREATEDATABASE]
GDBNAME = "orcl11g.localdomain"
SID = "orcl11g"
TEMPLATENAME = "General_Purpose.dbc"
DATAFILEDESTINATION=/u02/oracle/oradata
RECOVERYAREADESTINATION=/u02/oracle/flash_recovery_area
CHARACTERSET = "AL32UTF8"
NATIONALCHARACTERSET= "AL16UTF16"
DB_UNIQUE_NAME = "orcl11g"
LISTENERS=LISTENER
TOTALMEMORY = "700"
SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSTEMPASSWORD = "oracle"

执行安装
$ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca -silent -responseFile /home/oracle/etc/dbca.rsp
--/u02/oracle/database/response/dbca.rsp


十一 删除方法
数据库安装成功后，要删除执行的命令
先删除数据库
/home/oracle/database/dbca -silent -deleteDatabase -sourcedb orcl11g -sid orcl11g -sysDBAUserName system -sysDBAPassword oracle

没安装成功时删除数据库和软件方法
删除/u02/oracle/oradata目录下对应数据库文件夹
删除/u02/oracle/flash_recovery_area 目录下对应数据库文件夹
最重要/etc/oratab 删除里面最后的对应数据库的记录
--删除 vi /home/oracle/oraInventory/ContentsXML/inventory.xml


root用户
清空swap空间，删除数据文件和oracle相应目录
swapoff -a && swapon -a
rm -fr /u02/oracle/oradata
rm -fr /u02/oracle/flash_recovery_area
rm -fr /home/oracle/oraInventory
rm -fr /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1

删除配置文件内容
vi /etc/oratab
--vi /home/oracle/oraInventory/ContentsXML/inventory.xml
--sed -i '/^重建对应目录
mkdir -p /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u02/oracle
chmod -R 775 /u02/oracle

mkdir -p /u02/oracle/oradata
mkdir -p /u02/oracle/flash_recovery_area
chown -R oracle:oinstall /u02/oracle/oradata
chmod -R 775 /u02/oracle/oradata
su - oracle
mkdir /home/oracle/oraInventory


/u02/oracle/oradiag_oracle/diag/clients/user_oracle/host_2133379358_76/alert

跟踪错误sqlplus 方法
strace sqlplus / as sysdba
strace -f -o /tmp/sqlplus.log sqlplus / as sysdba
查看为什么出现 ORA-12547: TNS:lost contact

select open_mode from v$database;


遇到的问题
问题1
在静默安装oracle的时候，在安装软件以后，进入sqlplus后，总是报TNS connect lost，这时就在网上查看了这个错误对应问题，其中说是
bin目录里oracle执行文件大小为0，后来就反复装，发现装的时候果然系统装到link oracle的时候就不动了，最后看日志的时候看这里最终
报错。然后就在日志里查看了对应的错误。和日志里遇到的第一个错误。
其实判断这个题很容易，重要的是看日志
日志在安装时，已经输出了具体位置和文件名，打开后就能看到。里面发现的第一个报错信息
INFO: collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[1]: *** [/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/sysman/lib/emdctl] Error 1
make: *** [emdctl] Error 2

INFO: End output from spawned process.
INFO: ----------------------------------
INFO: Exception thrown from action: make
Exception Name: MakefileException
Exception String: Error in invoking target 'agent nmhs' of makefile '/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/sysman/lib/ins_emagent.mk'. See '/home/oracle/oraInventory/logs/installActions2017-12-12_04-48-00PM.log' for details.
Exception Severity: 1
然后根据网上的提示就是在ins_emagent里加 -lnnet11
然后为让这些字节是0的文件生效，就执行了bin目录里的relink all
最后oracle文件就生成了，且在进入sqlplus就不报tns的错误了，最后说的是连接一个正常实例的问题。


打印日志的时候，在这个位置会等很长时间
INFO:  - Linking Oracle
rm -f /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/oracle

INFO: gcc  -o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/oracle -m64 -z noexecstack -L/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/ -L/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/ -L/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/stubs/   -Wl,-E /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/opimai.o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/ssoraed.o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/ttcsoi.o  -Wl,--whole-archive -lperfsrv11 -Wl,--no-whole-archive /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/nautab.o /u02/oracl
INFO: e/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/naeet.o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/naect.o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/naedhs.o /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/config.o  -lserver11 -lodm11 -lcell11 -lnnet11 -lskgxp11 -lsnls11 -lnls11  -lcore11 -lsnls11 -lnls11 -lcore11 -lsnls11 -lnls11 -lxml11 -lcore11 -lunls11 -lsnls11 -lnls11 -lcore11 -lnls11 -lclient11  -lvsn11 -lcommon11 -lgeneric11 -lknlopt `if /usr/bin/ar tv /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/lib/libknlopt.a | grep xsyeolap

......
    `cat /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/db
INFO: home_1/lib/sysliblist` -Wl,-rpath,/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib -lm    `cat /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib/sysliblist` -ldl -lm   -L/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/lib


orapwd FILE=orapwdORCL11g.pwd PASSWORD=welcome1 ENTRIES=30

问题2 创建数据库时报错
排错方法 看建立数据库时alert方法
[oracle@iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ ~]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE/diag/rdbms/orcl11g/orcl11g/trace
[oracle@iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ trace]$ ls -alcr | grep alert
-rw-r-----  1 oracle oinstall 64209 Dec 14 14:45 alert_orcl11g.log
[oracle@iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ trace]$ ls -alcr | grep alert
在其中找到了pfile文件
/u02/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl11g/initorcl11gTemp.ora
startup nomount pfile=/u02/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl11g/initorcl11gTemp.ora;

/u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl11g/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_ora_16270.trc
要根据pfile生成spfile，数据库就能启动到open了
create spfile from pfile='/u02/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl11g/initorcl11gTemp.ora'
create spfile from pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initorcl11g.ora'


问题3 手工建库时的问题
根据文档手工创建数据库，但输入创建语句后，系统提示如下错误
ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01092: ORACLE instance terminated. Disconnection forced

ORA-01501: CREATE DATABASE failed

ORA-01519: error while processing file '?/rdbms/admin/dtxnspc.bsq' near line 5

ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1

ORA-30012: undo tablespace 'UNDOTBS1' does not exist or of wrong type

这个提示实际很明显，但特别注意的是要保证参数文件里的回退表空间名字和create database语句
里的表空间名字要一样，而不是和create database里的回退数据文件名一样，这很重要，这可以保证
后面执行脚本时没有莫名其妙的错误。

手工建库的过程如下
1 删除已有数据库
rm -fr oradata/orcl11g/*.*
rm -fr fast_recovery_area/orcl11g/control02.ctl

2
orapwd FILE=orapwdSORCL.pwd PASSWORD=oracle ENTRIES=30
CREATE SPFILE='spfile.ora' FROM
       PFILE='init.ora';


 CREATE DATABASE orcl11g
     USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY oracle
     USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY oracle
     LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo01.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
             GROUP 2 ('/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo02.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
             GROUP 3 ('/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo03.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512
     MAXLOGFILES 5
     MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
     MAXLOGHISTORY 1
    MAXDATAFILES 100
    CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
    NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
    EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
    DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    DEFAULT TABLESPACE users
        DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/users01.dbf'
        SIZE 500M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
    DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
        TEMPFILE '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/temp01.dbf'
        SIZE 20M REUSE
    UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs --undotbs 必须和参数文件中指定名字一样
        DATAFILE '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/UNDOTBS_01.dbf' --UNDOTBS_01没事随便取名
        SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
  
rm -fr /tmp/logsql.txt
spool /tmp/logsql.txt --这样可以执行sql脚本后的日志
@?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql
@?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql
spool off

克隆安装数据库软件
在一台机器上克隆安装第二个oracle 软件
1增加swap分区
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap1 bs=612 count=612000
mkswap /home/swap1
swapon /home/swap1

2复制dbhome_1到新位置 cp -r /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1 /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
3chown -R oracle:oinstall /u03_clone/oracle
su - oracle
4 登记复制后的信息命令
cd /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/clone/bin
perl clone.pl ORACLE_BASE=/u03_clone/oracle ORACLE_HOME=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1  ORACLE_HOME_NAME=OraDb11g_home_clone
5 验证是否加入产品列表目录，软件是否安装成功
vi /home/oracle/oraInventory/ContentsXML/inventory.xml

dgbroker
1：主库配置listener.ora文件和tnsnames.ora文件，添加GLOBAL_DBNAME参数，重启监听器，所有的节点都需要配置
cat $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora 
SID_LIST_LISTENER = 
  (SID_LIST = 
    (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = PRIMARY) 
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
   (SID_NAME = orcl11g)  
    )
 (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = PRIMARY_DGMGRL) 
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
   (SID_NAME = orcl11g)  
    )
  ) 
 
LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u02/oracle
 
 
cat $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/tnsnames.ora 
PRIMARY = 
  (DESCRIPTION = 
    (ADDRESS_LIST = 
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1521)) 
    ) 
    (CONNECT_DATA = 
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl11g.localdomain) 
    ) 
  ) 
 
PHYSICAL = 
  (DESCRIPTION = 
    (ADDRESS_LIST = 
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1522)) 
    ) 
    (CONNECT_DATA = 
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl11g.localdomain) 
    ) 
  )

复制主库listener和tnsname到备库
cd /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin
cp listener.ora tnsnames.ora /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/
 
备库上的listener和tnsname
SID_LIST_LISTENER = 
  (SID_LIST = 
    (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = PHYSICAL) 
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
   (SID_NAME = sorcl11g)         
    )
 (SID_DESC = 
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = PHYSICAL_DGMGRL) 
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
   (SID_NAME = sorcl11g)   
    )
  ) 
 
LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u02/oracle

备库的tnsname

PHYSICAL = 
  (DESCRIPTION = 
    (ADDRESS_LIST = 
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1522)) 
    ) 
    (CONNECT_DATA = 
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl11g.localdomain) 
    ) 
  )

PRIMARY = 
  (DESCRIPTION = 
    (ADDRESS_LIST = 
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT = 1521)) 
    ) 
    (CONNECT_DATA = 
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl11g.localdomain) 
    ) 
  ) 
注意 这里端口号和主库的端口不应一致，因为此时环境是一个节点上有两个ORACLE产品两个ORACLE数据库

2：设置DG_BROKER_START参数，所有的节点都需要配置
2.1基本配置
alter system set db_unique_name='PRIMARY' scope=spfile;

alter system set standby_file_management ='AUTO';

alter database add standby logfile group  11 '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/standbylog/standby11.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group  12 '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/standbylog/standby12.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group  13 '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/standbylog/standby13.log' size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group  14 '/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/standbylog/standby14.log' size 50m;

2.2主库归档
shutdown immediate;
startup mount;
alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/archivelog';
alter database archivelog;


主库启动broker
show parameter dg_broker_start;
!ps -ef |grep dmon 
alter system set dg_broker_start=TRUE;
!ps -ef |grep dmon 

alter database open;
在主库重新生成pfile create pfile from spfile;

2.3 备份主库：

a.rman target /

b.backup database;

2.4 在备库上克隆主库：
     
　　a.cd /u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs
      cp initorcl11g.ora orapworcl11g /u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/
     
      修改备库pfile上的db_unique_name=PHYSICAL
   因为在同一台机器的不同位置安装了另一个oracle软件，所以还要设置数据存放位置的参数
   su - oracle
   mkdir -p /u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/archivelog
   mkdir -p /u03_clone/oracle/flash_recovery_area
   mkdir -p /u03_clone/oracle/admin/orcl11g/adump
      如果主端与备端目录不同继续修改参数，在两端的pfile文件中要添加,当然如果相同也可以添加：
   *.log_file_name_convert='/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/','/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g'
   *.db_file_name_convert='/u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/','/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g'

  
  
      要在同一台机器上启动另一产品的数据库，必须先启动不同的listener，然后启动俩数据库
      同一机器上启动不同产品的listener 必须要有TNS_ADMIN
      打开窗口1 export TNS_ADMIN=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin        主库listener
      打开窗口2 export TNS_ADMIN=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin   备库listener 

b.启动数据库到nomount：
      在窗口1
      export ORACLE_SID=orcl11g
   echo $ORACLE_SID
      sqlplus / as sysdba
   startup open pfile=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs
   在窗口2
   export ORACLE_SID=sorcl11g
   echo $ORACLE_SID
      sqlplus / as sysdba
   startup nomount pfile=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs

   在备库还得再创建一个空的新的数据库
   CREATE DATABASE orcl11g
     USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY oracle
     USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY oracle
     LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo01.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
             GROUP 2 ('/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo02.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
             GROUP 3 ('/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/redo03.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512
     MAXLOGFILES 5
     MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
     MAXLOGHISTORY 1
    MAXDATAFILES 100
    CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK
    NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
    EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
    DATAFILE '/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    DEFAULT TABLESPACE users
        DATAFILE '/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/users01.dbf'
        SIZE 500M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
    DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
        TEMPFILE '/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/temp01.dbf'
        SIZE 20M REUSE
    UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs
        DATAFILE '/u03_clone/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/UNDOTBS_01.dbf'
        SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
  
　　c.登陆rman：

rman target sys/oracle@PRIMARY auxiliary sys/oracle@PHYSICAL
rman target system/oracle@PHYSICAL auxiliary system/oracle@PRIMARY
　　d.开始克隆：

问题 重点看
rman target sys/oracle@PRIMARY auxiliary sys/oracle@PHYSICAL
这里连接auxiliary库的时候，死活又在那报无效用户名密码的问题，具体提示如下
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00554: initialization of internal recovery manager package failed
RMAN-04005: error from target database:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
解决问题是想在一台机器上复制一个已经可以的oracle软件产品，到另一个目录，重新安装一个oracle软件，特别是
复制了已安好的ORACLE_HOME下的dbs下的所有文件后，发现initorcl.ora需要修改成initsorcl.ora，这边新安得软件对应的库
才能识别，所以同意密码文件也应该是orapwsorcl 而不是直接从原来的库拿过来的密码文件对应的数据库名，原库密码文件是
orapworcl 要改成oraopworcl 数据库名和原数据库名一样对应密码文件名也要修改。
另外注意 远程连接rman时，system没有权限访问rman所以也会报无效用户名密码问题，所以只能用sys用户远程连接rman
duplicate target database for standby nofilenamecheck from active database;
如果数据文件与重做日志文件目录相同，要添加 nofilenamecheck ，否则不需要添加

查看日志
vi /u03_clone/oracle/diag/rdbms/physical/orcl11g/trace/alert_orcl11g.log
vi /u03_clone/oracle/diag/rdbms/physical/sorcl11g/trace/alert_sorcl11g.log
vi /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/alert_orcl11g.log

/u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/drcorcl11g.log

startup nomount pfile=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
startup upgrade pfile=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
startup open pfile=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
@/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql
@/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql

@/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/admin/catupgrd.sql

startup open pfile=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora

测试远程连接备库
export ORACLE_SID=sorcl11g
export ORACLE_HOME=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export TNS_ADMIN=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib

tnsping DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT=1522)))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=PHYSICAL.localdomain)(CID=(PROGRAM=oracle)(HOST=iz2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czz)(USER=oracle))))
       (DESCRIPTION=              (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=test01.cyou.com)        (PORT=1521)) (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=stest_DGMGRL)         (INSTANCE_NAME=test)(SERVER=DEDICATED)))
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=iZ2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czZ)(PORT=1522))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=PHYSICAL.localdomain)(INSTANCE_NAME=sorcl)(SERVER=DEDICATED)))
cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
./sqlplus / as sysdba
./lsnrctl status
startup open pfile=/u03_clone/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
./sqlplus system/welcome1@PHYSICAL
rman target /

测试远程连接主库
export ORACLE_SID=orcl11g
export ORACLE_HOME=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export TNS_ADMIN=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/

cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
./sqlplus / as sysdba
./lsnrctl status
startup open pfile=/u02/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl11g.ora
./sqlplus system/oracle@PRIMARY

2.5:创建并启用配置文件
dgmgrl sys/oracle@PRIMARY 
create configuration dgc as primary database is PRIMARY connect identifier is PRIMARY;
add database PHYSICAL as connect identifier is PHYSICAL maintained as physical;
add database 'standby',这儿的standby是指database的db_unique_name,而AS CONNECT IDENTIFIER IS 'standby' 这里的standby是指
tnsname.ora 连接到standby database的net service name。
还可以这样
 alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=ocrls ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=ocrls' scope=spfile;
=》alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=PHYSICAL LGWR ASYNC NOAFFIRM VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PHYSICAL' scope=spfile;
   service=physical, LGWR ASYNC NOAFFIRM delay=0 optional compression=disable max_failure=0 max_connections=1 reopen=300db_unique_name=physical net_timeout=30, valid_for=(all_logfiles,primary_role)

   --alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=PHYSICAL lgwr async noaffirm delay=0 optional compression=disable max_failure=0  max_connections=1 reopen=300 net_timeout=30, VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PHYSICAL'
 enable configuration
show configuration [verbose];

alter system set fal_client=
主库该参数
alter system set fal_client='PRIMARY';
ALTER system set fal_server='PHYSICAL';
备库该参数
alter system set fal_client='PHYSICAL';
alter system set fal_server='PRIMARY';
这次遇到的问题是在安装了oracle软件后，再创建数据库时，特别最后执行catproc.sql时怎么都执行不完，还老报错
关闭数据库重启open后，还说要按upgrade方式打开数据库，显然catproc.sql未完全执行完，最后发现原因实际是数据库内存不足
在运行脚本时，速度很慢，而且free -mh查看内存只有几十M可用，于是，关闭占用内存的应用，重新执行脚本很快就执行好了，而且
可以顺利启动到open状态
http://blog.51cto.com/ylw6006/686900

SQL> alter system set LOCAL_LISTENER='(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iz2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czz)(PORT = 1521))' scope=spfile;
SQL> alter system set LOCAL_LISTENER='(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = iz2zehy7gff0kpg1swp1czz)(PORT = 1522))' scope=spfile;

在备库上克隆主库

https://www.cnblogs.com/vijayfly/archive/2015/12/16/5051614.html oracle11G使用DGbroker创建dg

standby上SRL完全等同与primary上的ORL，在primary发生日志切换时，Remote File System（RFS）进程把primary上的ORL写到standby的SRL，同时standby归档上一个SRL

log_archive_dest_20


解决问题
ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist
Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory
这个错误最大的问题是 一个节点上安了两个oracle软件，在启动第二个oracle软件时，环境变量ORACLE_HOME还是第一个oracle软件的
，所以启动数据库时，是在环境变量1的基础上启动的数据库，造成启动时数据库会用到错误的环境变量ORACLE_HOME，最终启动虽然
正常，但远程连接时就报上面的错误。sqlplus system/oracle@PHYSICAL
另外出现 shared memory realm does not exist的原因还有可能是虚拟机物理内存不足造成


重启时的日志报错
db_recovery_file_dest_size of 4182 MB is 0.00% used. This is a
user-specified limit on the amount of space that will be used by this
database for recovery-related files, and does not reflect the amount of
space available in the underlying filesystem or ASM diskgroup.
Mon Jan 29 08:19:50 2018
Starting background process CJQ0
Mon Jan 29 08:19:50 2018
CJQ0 started with pid=30, OS id=10515
Mon Jan 29 08:20:00 2018
ORA-1652: unable to extend temp segment by 128 in tablespace                 TEMPTS1
Errors in file /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_j003_10529.trc:
ORA-12012: error on auto execute of job "SYS"."BSLN_MAINTAIN_STATS_JOB"
ORA-01652: unable to extend temp segment by 128 in tablespace TEMPTS1
ORA-06512: at "DBSNMP.BSLN_INTERNAL", line 2073

log_archive_dest_1             /u02/oracle/oradata/orcl11g/archivelog
db_recovery_file_dest              /u02/oracle/fast_recovery_area

FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET
standy_archive_dest   ?/dbs_arch 能说明有dataguard么

主库总是停机
ORA-00445: background process "SMCO" did not start after 120 seconds
Tue Feb 13 02:52:18 2018
Suspending MMON action 'Process staged incidents' for 82800 seconds
Tue Feb 13 03:00:25 2018
Errors in file /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_pmon_27930.trc:
ORA-00445: background process "SMCO" did not start after 120 seconds
Tue Feb 13 03:01:37 2018
Restarting dead background process SMCO
Tue Feb 13 03:05:34 2018
Errors in file /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_qmnc_28070.trc  (incident=34271):
ORA-00445: background process "q003" did not start after 120 seconds
Tue Feb 13 03:14:56 2018
Errors in file /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_pmon_27930.trc  (incident=34280):
ORA-00445: background process "SMCO" did not start after 120 seconds
Tue Feb 13 03:28:02 2018
Errors in file /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_pmon_27930.trc:
ORA-00445: background process "SMCO" did not start after 120 seconds
Tue Feb 13 03:30:21 2018
Warning: VKTM detected a time drift.
Tue Feb 13 03:30:57 2018
Time drifts can result in an unexpected behavior such as time-outs. Please check trace file for more details.
这实际是数据库主机的内存不够导致相应进程在规定时间起不来，造成数据库停机。每次都要startup


ORA-01665: control file is not a standby control file
select controlfile_type from v$database;

问题2 跳归档解决GAP问题 重点看
日志无法应用
在搭建了dataguard以后，我们需要判断备库是否能正常接收主库的日志，以及是否能正常应用传送来的日志。并且在日常维护中也需要经常监控
主备是否一致。这次对某套dataguard环境巡检的时候，发现了主备库不一致，存在间隙的情况。

在主库和备库分别使用如下查询查看应用日志的具体时间和日志号
SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME
FROM   V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
发现主库和备库显示出的日志数量不一致

查看备库是否有GAP
SQL> select * from v$archive_gap;

   THREAD# LOW_SEQUENCE# HIGH_SEQUENCE#
---------- ------------- --------------
         1            24             30

从上面结果发现，备库从24号到30号日志都缺失。
  
备库查看RFS接收日志和MRP应用日志同步主库情况
select process, sequence#, status, delay_mins from v$managed_standby;
MRP0                                24 WAIT_FOR_GAP

说明这里 MRP0只应用日志到24，正好说明备库和主库是有gap的。而且备库有gap时，gap后面的日志只能接收，但不能应用
备库执行，于是查看备库是否应用接收的日志
SELECT SEQUENCE#,APPLIED FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG
ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
从结果（条件限时未对结果截图）看目前这个备库是从31号日志接收日志的。且无法应用
要想让主库和备库归档一致，应用的日志也一致，可以把缺少的日志从主库拷贝到从库，具体方法看
http://blog.itpub.net/29500582/viewspace-1308247/
但发现主库没有了GAP的日志，所以只能用基于SCN不完全恢复的方法

参考查看归档进程状态 http://blog.csdn.net/wll_1017/article/details/9699631《dg 备库归档位置不一致》


跳归档具体方法
1主备库都执行
SELECT CURRENT_SCN FROM V$DATABASE;
备库SCN 1112907 主库SCN 1817052
注意 select scn_to_timestamp(1112907) scn from dual; 可以用如上方法查看SCN对应的时间
2主库上
rman target /
BACKUP INCREMENTAL FROM SCN 1112907 DATABASE FORMAT '/home/oracle/backup_stage/increment_backup_%U_%T' tag 'FORSTANDBY';
就是备份从备库没追平的时间到现在的增量备份
3在备库恢复
rman target /
catalog start with '/home/oracle/backup_stage/increment_backup'; 登记所有increment_backup开头的备份到备份目录

recover database; 恢复增量备份的数据 可以用 noredo 加速恢复

recover managed standby database disconnect from session; 最后再备库开启应用恢复的进程，让备库和主库完全一致
参考 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-08/134300.htm

查看dataguard状态
select MESSAGE,TIMESTAMP from v$dataguard_status
order by TIMESTAMP;

另外还可以查询备库，查看从主库接收的日志
SQL> SELECT THREAD#, SEQUENCE#, FIRST_CHANGE#,  NEXT_CHANGE# FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG;

查看备库上的 standby log
SELECT GROUP#,THREAD#,SEQUENCE#,ARCHIVED,STATUS FROM V$STANDBY_LOG;

gap都解决了还总是停机
ARC1: Archive log rejected (thread 1 sequence 75) at host 'PHYSICAL'
FAL[server, ARC1]: FAL archive failed, see trace file.
ARCH: FAL archive failed. Archiver continuing
ORACLE Instance orcl11g - Archival Error. Archiver continuing.
Fri Feb 23 15:30:08 2018
看归档日志  找到出错时间时对应的arc的trace
ll -tr /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/
vi /u02/oracle/diag/rdbms/primary/orcl11g/trace/orcl11g_arc3_5025.trc
Detailed OCI error val is 1017 and errmsg is 'ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denie


SQL> select process, sequence#, status, delay_mins from v$managed_standby;

PROCESS                      SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------
DELAY_MINS
----------
ARCH                                56 CLOSING
         0

ARCH                                 0 CONNECTED
         0

ARCH                                 0 CONNECTED
         0


PROCESS                      SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------
DELAY_MINS
----------
ARCH                                55 CLOSING
         0

RFS                                  0 IDLE
         0

RFS                                  0 IDLE
         0


PROCESS                      SEQUENCE# STATUS
--------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------
DELAY_MINS
----------
RFS                                  0 IDLE
         0

RFS                                 60 IDLE
         0


文章标题：ORACLE无GUI搭建环境
文章网址：http://cxhlcq.com/article/jgdooc.html

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