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        4.0.0
        MySel20Proj
        MySel20Proj
        1.0
        
            
                org.seleniumhq.selenium
                selenium-java
                2.53.0
            
            
                org.seleniumhq.selenium
                selenium-htmlunit-driver
                2.20
            
        

package org.openqa.selenium.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

public class Selenium2Example  {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Create a new instance of the Firefox driver
        // Notice that the remainder of the code relies on the interface, 
        // not the implementation.
        WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

        // And now use this to visit Google
        driver.get("http://www.google.com");
        // Alternatively the same thing can be done like this
        // driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");

        // Find the text input element by its name
        WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));

        // Enter something to search for
        element.sendKeys("Cheese!");

        // Now submit the form. WebDriver will find the form for us from the element
        element.submit();

        // Check the title of the page
        System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
        
        // Google's search is rendered dynamically with JavaScript.
        // Wait for the page to load, timeout after 10 seconds
        (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10)).until(new ExpectedCondition() {
            public Boolean apply(WebDriver d) {
                return d.getTitle().toLowerCase().startsWith("cheese!");
            }
        });

        // Should see: "cheese! - Google Search"
        System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
        
        //Close the browser
        driver.quit();
    }
}

driver.get("http://www.google.com");

...

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("coolestWidgetEvah"));

Cheddar

List cheeses = driver.findElements(By.className("cheese"));

By Tag Name

The DOM Tag Name of the element.

DOM元素的标记名称。

Example of how to find an element that looks like this:

WebElement frame = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"));

By Name

Find the input element with matching name attribute.找到匹配的名称属性的输入元素。

Example of how to find an element that looks like this:

WebElement cheese = driver.findElement(By.name("cheese"));

By Link Text

Find the link element with matching visible text.找到匹配的可见文本链接元素。

Example of how to find an element that looks like this:

cheese>

WebElement cheese = driver.findElement(By.linkText("cheese"));

By Partial Link Text

Find the link element with partial matching visible text.发现部分匹配可见文本链接元素。

Example of how to find an element that looks like this:

search for cheese>

WebElement cheese = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("cheese"));

By CSS

Like the name implies it is a locator strategy by css. Native browser support is used by default, so please refer to w3c css selectors for a list of generally available css selectors. If a browser does not have native support for css queries, then Sizzle is used. IE 6,7 and FF3.0 currently use Sizzle as the css query engine.

喜欢这个名字意味着它是一个由css定位策略。在默认情况下使用本机浏览器支持,所以请参阅w3c css选择器投入使用css选择器的列表。如果浏览器不支持css的查询,然后使用Sizzle。IE 6、7和FF3.0目前使用Sizzle作为css查询引擎。

Beware that not all browsers were created equal, some css that might work in one version may not work in another.

注意,并不是所有的浏览器都是平等的,一些css,可能工作在一个版本可能不会在另一个工作。

Example of to find the cheese below:

milkcheese

WebElement cheese = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#food span.dairy.aged"));

At a high level, WebDriver uses a browser’s native XPath capabilities wherever possible. On those browsers that don’t have native XPath support, we have provided our own implementation. This can lead to some unexpected behaviour unless you are aware of the differences in the various xpath engines.

在高级别上,WebDriver尽可能使用浏览器的原生XPath功能。在那些没有原生XPath支持的浏览器,我们提供自己的实现。这可能导致一些意想不到的行为,除非你知道各种xpath引擎的差异。

This is a little abstract, so for the following piece of HTML:

List inputs = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//input"));

The following number of matches will be found

Sometimes HTML elements do not need attributes to be explicitly declared because they will default to known values. For example, the “input” tag does not require the “type” attribute because it defaults to “text”. The rule of thumb when using xpath in WebDriver is that you should not expect to be able to match against these implicit attributes.

有时HTML元素不需要显式声明属性,因为他们将默认为已知值。例如,“输入”标签不需要“type”属性,因为它默认为“文本”.WebDriver使用xpath时的经验法则是,你不应该期望能够匹配这些隐式属性。

Using JavaScript

You can execute arbitrary javascript to find an element and as long as you return a DOM Element, it will be automatically converted to a WebElement object.

你可以执行任意javascript来找到一个元素,只要你返回一个DOM元素,它将自动转换为WebElement对象。

Simple example on a page that has jQuery loaded:

jQuery加载的页面上的简单的例子:

WebElement element = (WebElement) ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("return $('.cheese')[0]");

Finding all the input elements to the every label on a page:

找到所有的输入元素上的每个标签页:

List labels = driver.findElements(By.tagName("label"));
List inputs = (List) ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript(
    "var labels = arguments[0], inputs = []; for (var i=0; i < labels.length; i++){" +
    "inputs.push(document.getElementById(labels[i].getAttribute('for'))); } return inputs;", labels);

User Input - Filling In Forms

We’ve already seen how to enter text into a textarea or text field, but what about the other elements? You can “toggle” the state of checkboxes, and you can use “click” to set something like an OPTION tag selected. Dealing with SELECT tags isn’t too bad:

我们已经看到如何在文本区域输入文本或文本字段,但是其他元素呢?你可以“切换”复选框的状态,你可以使用“点击”设置这样一个选项标签选择。处理选择标签并不是太糟了:

WebElement select = driver.findElement(By.tagName("select"));
List allOptions = select.findElements(By.tagName("option"));
for (WebElement option : allOptions) {
    System.out.println(String.format("Value is: %s", option.getAttribute("value")));
    option.click();
}

This will find the first “SELECT” element on the page, and cycle through each of its OPTIONs in turn, printing out their values, and selecting each in turn. As you will notice, this isn’t the most efficient way of dealing with SELECT elements. WebDriver’s support classes include one called “Select”, which provides useful methods for interacting with these.

这将会发现第一个页面上的“选择”元素,并通过它的每个周期选项,打印出它们的值,并选择每个。你会注意到,这并不是最有效的方式处理选择元素。WebDriver类包括一个称为“选择”的支持,这对与这些交互提供了有用的方法。

Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.tagName("select")));
select.deselectAll();
select.selectByVisibleText("Edam");

This will deselect all OPTIONs from the first SELECT on the page, and then select the OPTION with the displayed text of “Edam”.

Once you’ve finished filling out the form, you probably want to submit it. One way to do this would be to find the “submit” button and click it:

driver.findElement(By.id("submit")).click();

Alternatively, WebDriver has the convenience method “submit” on every element. If you call this on an element within a form, WebDriver will walk up the DOM until it finds the enclosing form and then calls submit on that. If the element isn’t in a form, then the NoSuchElementException will be thrown:

element.submit();

Moving Between Windows and Frames

窗口和框架之间的移动

Some web applications have many frames or multiple windows. WebDriver supports moving between named windows using the “switchTo” method:

一些web应用程序有很多帧或多个窗口。WebDriver支持移动名为windows之间使用“switchTo”的方法:

driver.switchTo().window("windowName");

All calls to driver will now be interpreted as being directed to the particular window. But how do you know the window’s name? Take a look at the javascript or link that opened it:

所有调用驱动程序现在将被视为被定向到特定的窗口。但是你怎么知道窗口的名字吗?看一下打开它的javascript或链接:

Click here to open a new window

Alternatively, you can pass a “window handle” to the “switchTo().window()” method. Knowing this, it’s possible to iterate over every open window like so:

另外,您可以通过“窗口句柄”到“switchTo().window()方法。知道了这一点,可以遍历所有打开的窗口如下所示:

for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}

You can also switch from frame to frame (or into iframes):

您还可以切换从帧到帧(或iframes):

driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");

Popup Dialogs

弹出对话框

Starting with Selenium 2.0 beta 1, there is built in support for handling popup dialog boxes. After you’ve triggered an action that opens a popup, you can access the alert with the following:

从Selenium2.0 beta 1,内建支持处理弹出对话框。触发一个动作之后,打开一个弹出,您可以访问以下警告:

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

This will return the currently open alert object. With this object you can now accept, dismiss, read its contents or even type into a prompt. This interface works equally well on alerts, confirms, and prompts. Refer to the JavaDocs or RubyDocs for more information.

这将返回当前打开警报对象。这个对象现在可以接受,解雇,阅读其内容,甚至类型到一个提示。这个接口同样适用于警报、确认和提示。参考JavaDocs或RubyDocs获得更多信息。

Navigation: History and Location

导航:历史和位置

Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command ( driver.get("http://www.example.com")) As you’ve seen, WebDriver has a number of smaller, task-focused interfaces, and navigation is a useful task. Because loading a page is such a fundamental requirement, the method to do this lives on the main WebDriver interface, but it’s simply a synonym to:

早些时候,我们覆盖导航到一个页面使用“get”命令(driver.get(“http://www.example.com”)如您所见,WebDriver有许多小,以任务为中心的界面,和导航是一个有用的任务。因为加载一个页面是一个基本的要求,

这个方法做这个生活在主WebDriver接口,但它只是一个同义词:

driver.navigate().to("http://www.example.com");

To reiterate: “navigate().to()” and “get()” do exactly the same thing. One’s just a lot easier to type than the other!

重申：“navigate().to()” and “get()”做的是相同的事情，只是另一个更容易一点。

The “navigate” interface also exposes the ability to move backwards and forwards in your browser’s history:

“导航”界面也暴露前后移动的能力在你的浏览器的历史:

driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().back();

Please be aware that this functionality depends entirely on the underlying browser. It’s just possible that something unexpected may happen when you call these methods if you’re used to the behaviour of one browser over another.

请注意,此功能完全取决于底层的浏览器。只是可能会发生一些意想不到的事当你调用这些方法如果你使用一个浏览器的行为。

Cookies

Before we leave these next steps, you may be interested in understanding how to use cookies. First of all, you need to be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for. If you are trying to preset cookies before you start interacting with a site and your homepage is large / takes a while to load an alternative is to find a smaller page on the site, typically the 404 page is small (http://example.com/some404page)

在我们离开这些步骤之前,你可能有兴趣了解如何使用cookie。首先,你需要在域的Cookie的有效期,如果你想预定cookie在你开始与网站交互和你的主页是大/需要一段时间来加载另一种方法是在网站上找到一个小页面,通常404页的小

// Go to the correct domain
driver.get("http://www.example.com");

// Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);

// And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
Set allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {
    System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s", loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));
}

// You can delete cookies in 3 ways
// By name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");
// By Cookie
driver.manage().deleteCookie(loadedCookie);
// Or all of them
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

Changing the User Agent

修改用户代理 

This is easy with the Firefox Driver:

FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.addAdditionalPreference("general.useragent.override", "some UA string");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);

Drag And Drop

拖拽

Here’s an example of using the Actions class to perform a drag and drop. Native events are required to be enabled.

这里有一个例子使用行为的类进行拖拽。本地事件需要启用。

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("source"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.name("target"));

(new Actions(driver)).dragAndDrop(element, target).perform();

Driver Specifics and Tradeoffs

Driver的细节和权衡

Selenium-WebDriver’s Drivers

WebDriver is the name of the key interface against which tests should be written, but there are several implementations. These include:

WebDriver是测试的关键接口的名字应该写,但有几个实现。这些包括:

HtmlUnit Driver

This is currently the fastest and most lightweight implementation of WebDriver. As the name suggests, this is based on HtmlUnit. HtmlUnit is a java based implementation of a WebBrowser without a GUI. For any language binding (other than java) the Selenium Server is required to use this driver.

这是目前最快的和最轻量级WebDriver的实现。顾名思义,这是基于HtmlUnit。HtmlUnit是一个基于java的浏览器没有GUI的实现。对任何语言绑定(除了java)Selenium服务器需要使用这个驱动程序。

Usage

使用

WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();

Pros

• Fastest implementation of WebDriver最快的实现WebDriver

• A pure Java solution and so it is platform independent.纯Java的解决方案,所以它是平台独立的。

• Supports JavaScript支持JS

Cons

• Emulates other browsers’ JavaScript behaviour (see below)模拟其他浏览器的JavaScript行为(见下文)

JavaScript in the HtmlUnit Driver

None of the popular browsers uses the JavaScript engine used by HtmlUnit (Rhino). If you test JavaScript using HtmlUnit the results may differ significantly from those browsers.

没有一个流行的浏览器使用使用的JavaScript引擎HtmlUnit(犀牛)。如果您使用的测试JavaScript HtmlUnit结果从这些浏览器可能差别很大。

When we say “JavaScript” we actually mean “JavaScript and the DOM”. Although the DOM is defined by the W3C each browser has its own quirks and differences in their implementation of 

当我们说“JavaScript”实际上意味着“JavaScript和DOM”。虽然由W3C DOM定义每个浏览器都有自己的怪癖和差异实施，DOM和JavaScript是如何进行交互的。

the DOM and in how JavaScript interacts with it. HtmlUnit has an impressively complete implementation of the DOM and has good support for using JavaScript, but it is no different from any 

HtmlUnit有一个令人印象深刻的完整实现使用JavaScript DOM和具有良好的支持,但是它对其他浏览器没有任何区别。

other browser: it has its own quirks and differences from both the W3C standard and the DOM implementations of the major browsers, despite its ability to mimic other browsers.

它有自己的怪癖和差异来自W3C标准和主流浏览器的DOM实现,尽管其模仿其他浏览器的能力。

With WebDriver, we had to make a choice; do we enable HtmlUnit’s JavaScript capabilities and run the risk of teams running into problems that only manifest themselves there, or do we leave

WebDriver,我们不得不做出选择;我们让HtmlUnit的JavaScript功能和运行团队遇到的风险问题,只有表现,

 JavaScript disabled, knowing that there are more and more sites that rely on JavaScript? We took the conservative approach, and by default have disabled support when we use HtmlUnit. With 

知道越来越多的依赖于JavaScript的网站吗?我们采取了保守的方法,当我们使用HtmlUnit默认情况下禁用支持

each release of both WebDriver and HtmlUnit, we reassess this decision: we hope to enable JavaScript by default on the HtmlUnit at some point.

WebDriver和HtmlUnit每个版本,我们评估这个决定:我们希望在HtmlUnit默认启用JavaScript。

Enabling JavaScript

If you can’t wait, enabling JavaScript support is very easy:

HtmlUnitDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver(true);

This will cause the HtmlUnit Driver to emulate Firefox 3.6’s JavaScript handling by default.

Firefox Driver

Controls the Firefox browser using a Firefox plugin. The Firefox Profile that is used is stripped down from what is installed on the machine to only include the Selenium WebDriver.xpi (plugin). A few settings are also changed by default (see the source to see which ones) Firefox Driver is capable of being run and is tested on Windows, Mac, Linux. Currently on versions 3.6, 10, latest - 1, latest

控制了Firefox浏览器使用Firefox插件。Firefox配置文件使用的是剥夺了从什么是安装在机器上只包括硒WebDriver。xpi(插件)。一些默认设置也改变了Firefox(见源代码看到哪些)驱动程序可以运行和测试的在Windows,Mac,Linux。目前版本3.6,最新10 - 1,最新的。